David Hume s Views On Morality - 972 Words

Hume focused on the question does our morality come from our rational nature or our sentiment nature? According to Hume, the judgments and recommendations of morality arise not from reason, but from moral sense. Hume argued that virtue is always accompanied by a feeling of pleasure, and vice by a feeling of pain. Therefore, we praise an instance of virtuous action precisely because it stimulates in us a pleasing feeling, and we avoid committing a vicious action because we anticipate that doing so would yield pain. I don’t completely agree with Hume. I think that we equally need both sentiment and reasoning to make moral decisions. Our feelings provide a natural guide for moral conduct. I believe as human beings we rely on feelings to move us to act morally, and to ensure that our reasoning is not only logical but also humane. As people, we manifest empathy before developing our rational abilities, and there is evidence for the same order of development in the evolution of the human brain. Rousseau argued that once people have achieved awareness of themselves as social beings, morality also becomes possible and this relies on the further capacity of conscience. Morality, to him, has to do with the application of reason to human affairs and conduct which requires conscience. Rousseau viewed conscience as the mental ability that is the source of moral motivation. Rousseau praised humans in the state of nature. Though the human being is naturally good and free from the vicesShow MoreRelatedKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pagesand feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both a re used but according to these two there is only one or the other dominating the brain of individualsRead MoreMedieval And Modern Ethics1745 Words   |  7 Pages Medieval and Modern Ethics Does morality come into question when a decision needs to be made on an ethical level? Upon reviewing the situation the person begins to dig deep inside themselves to understand the situation from a personal level, and after taking everything into consideration they then form a conclusion. In addition the men who based their choices on sound mind and considered all things ethical made moral apparent. The question that is being raised is asking how would Thomas AquinasRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthat play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to dec ide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are ethically correct in theRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of morality is the rules for right action and prohibitions against wrong acts. Sometimes morality is the single set of absolute rules and prohibitions that are valid for all men at all times and all societies. More loosely, a morality can be any set of ultimate principles, and there may be any number of moralities in different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there areRead MoreMorality Is An Important Component Of A Human Being Because1382 Words   |  6 PagesMorality is an important component of a human being because it helps shape the ethical foundation that every human being has. Whether to be good, evil, honest, or deceitful are just some of the traits morality helps us develop. Thus, it is evident that morality is a crucial component of a human being. However, what ultimately drives moral action? This question is debated and investigated against many philosophers, a few of them being Thomas Hobbes, Frans de Waal, and David Hume. Hobbes believesRead MoreDavid Hume Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Hume Hume, David, 1711-76, Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume carried the empiricism of John Locke and George Berkeley to the logical extreme of radical skepticism. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, finding in the mind nothing but a series of sensations, and held that cause-and-effect in the natural world derives solely from the conjunction ofRead MoreThe Morality Police As A Part Of Religion908 Words   |  4 PagesBrasch, Walter. The Morality Police. Moderate Voice, 24 Mar. 2015, p. 10. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pwhAN=101765229site=pov-live. This mentions how Islamic religious police, also known as â€Å"Morality Police† they enforce women to wear headscarves and black dresses in public. This helps with the viewpoint of how religion does impact and is a part of religion. But also viewing different religions and how their morals are tied to their religions so tightly. BRENDARead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Philosophy On The Morality And Ethical Nature Of The Subject1507 Words   |  7 PagesLooking at anything through the lens of different philosophical ideologies will show a variety of differing opinions on the morality or ethical nature of the subject. Cloning can be viewed a few different ways based on the teachings in philosophy one follows. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatestRead MoreThe Different Ways Of Which Freedom Can Be Compatible With Determinism1334 Words   |  6 Pagescan be compatible with Simple Compatibilism, which according to David Hume, he claimed that ‘’all the puzzles and disputes about free will result from sloppy and confused use of language. Therefore, if we think carefully, and avoid verbal entanglements, then free will is a simple and obvious matter, and all mankind both learned and ignorant, have always had same opinion about the nature and existence of free will. Therefore, David Hume in his argument on free will also added that ‘’By liberty (freeRead MoreThe Moral Knowledge Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined. Since we can’t surely k now what we say is right or wrong, is it ok to experiment with ideas that might not be determined to be right at that time? History has proven that the concepts of right and wrong are able to change over time. David Hume has much to say about the development of moral knowledge as he creates his argument in the midst of all his other beliefs. This idea of moral knowledge also plays out in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. An unfortunate story of an ambitious man’s dream

Comparing London by William Blake and Westminster Bridge...

Comparing London by William Blake and Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth William Blake was born in London in 1757. He was taught by his mother at home, and became an apprentice to an engraver at fourteen. In addition to poetry Blake spent much of his time painting. Blake lived on the edge of poverty and died in neglect. His poetry receiving little acclaim while he was alive. ‘London’ was written by Blake in 1789. Taken from Blake’s ‘Songs of Experience’, the style is darker and in a sense depressing. It describes the city after the Industrial Revolution. Blake takes a very negative and hopeless view of the city and the lives of those living within it. He hated the way London was becoming,†¦show more content†¦In the second stanza Blake describes the whole scale of humanity from infant to man to feel general disgruntlement with the life that London inflicts upon them. ‘Ban’ suggests restricted or prohibited. Blake however suggests that men have in a sense designed their own prison, implying this by use of ‘mind-forg’d manacle’. He describes infants who cannot speak but are nonetheless born under the chains, which Blake suggests society has needlessly inflicted upon itself. Again he creates effect by the repetition of ‘every’. Blake goes on in the third stanza to comment ok the use of child labour under appalling conditions, attacking the church as it ignores the cries of the chimney sweep. He is disgusted with this practice and appeals against it and effectively shows the church to be appalled by the cries of the complaining chimney sweeps. He describes the church as ‘blackening’, which illustrates the industrialisation of the church. Just as he contrasts the chimney sweeps with the indifferent church, he contrasts the soldiers sent out to die, while the palace pays no attention – ‘the hapless soldier’s sigh runs in blood down palace walls.’ This is a literal allegory for the French Revolution taking place at the time, where Blake suggests that if the ‘palace’ ignores the dries of the people a far greater threat, suchShow MoreRelated Comparing Composed Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and London by William Blake1459 Words   |  6 Pag esComparison between William Blake and William Wordsworth’s Views of London William Blake grew up in the slums of London and this is shown in his poem, he wrote his poem in the slums and back alleys of London as he never had very much money. He describes London as being â€Å"charter’d†, this gives us the impression that everything has rules and boundaries in London, and that there is no mystery to be discovered. Also chartered means on a map, almost as if it is owned, by the king perhaps. The lineRead MoreComparing the Poets Use of Language To Present Their View of London in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge by Wordsworth and London by Blake1571 Words   |  7 PagesComparing the Poets Use of Language To Present Their View of London in Composed Upon Westminster Bridge by Wordsworth and London by Blake London was, is and undoubtedly always will be, a city of enormous interest and controversy, especially for those employed in the field of writing. The two poems, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, 1802, by William Wordsworth and London, 1794, by William Blake, demonstrate this through their opposing views. The intention of both WilliamRead MoreWilliam Blake And William Wordsworth1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthose poets are William Blake and William Wordsworth. Although Blake was a contemporary of the era, he had a little in common with Wordsworth. Religion is the focus of Blake’s visionary works, which does not exist in any other Romantic poetry. William Blake uses satire in most of his work to criticize the corrupting influence of religion on imagination. For Wordsworth, nature was like a religion. He talks about his own spiritual life when he refers to nature. According to Wordsworth, being alive meantRead MoreEssay on Compare London and Composed upon Westminster Bridge2519 Words   |  11 PagesCompare London by William Blake and Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3rd 1802 by William Wordsworth. As a part of my coursework for GCSE English, I will be comparing two poems written about London in nineteenth century. The two poems I have chosen to write about are: London by William Blake and Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3rd 1802 by William Wordsworth. Both poems give their own, different accounts of London at around the same period. One is written with a

Requiment free essay sample

Healthcare United aims to be the number one provider of Healthcare professionals in Australia. Healthcare United is an organisation that currently employs 1,500 Healthcare professionals with two sites, in Victoria and NSW and seeks to expand its operations and open another office in Hobart. As an organisation our vision is to provide: The best qualified and trained human resources available for clients. Up-to-date technology in all services for both clients and staffs. Innovative best practices and procedures from both inside and outside the organisation. Best facilities and procedures in a competitive environment. To address the future needs of organisation, Healthcare United aims to recruit a future 500 or the best possible healthcare professionals available, in three stages, over the next five years. 2. Executive Summary Healthcare United is a healthcare provider and currently employs 1,500 Healthcare professionals with two sites, in Victoria and NSW. They recently developed a new strategic plan that involves opening another office at Hobart. We will write a custom essay sample on Requiment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of their HR plan is to employ 500 workers in three stages. An analysis and review of Healthcare United’s 2000 and newly developed 2010 policies and procedures for recruitment and selection have been conducted in this report. Conclusions have been made from the comparison between the 2000 Healthcare United recruitment and selection guidelines and the newly developed 2010 Healthcare United recruitment and selection policy and relevant legislation. Recommendations have been made for the changes necessary to improve procedures and the overall process of Healthcare United’s recruitment and selection policies and procedures, based on current research. 3. Purpose of Report The purpose of this report is to review analysis and compare Healthcare United recruitment and selection policies and procedures for the year 2000 and 2010 for the following 5 key areas: Timeframes Personnel involved Documentation Training Monitoring and evaluation Conclusions have been made from the comparison between the 2000 and the newly developed 2010 recruitment and selection policies and procedures. Recommendations have been made for changes to the 2010 policies and procedures to improve the newly developed recruitment and selection policies and procedures at Healthcare United. 4. Analysis and Review: Healthcare United 2000 and 2010 Recruitment and Selection Policies and Procedures The following is the analysis and review of 2000 and 2010 recruitment and selection policies and procedures: Key Area 2000 2010 Timeframe The whole selection process from: analyse the vacant position position description lodge an advertisement short-list applicants interview preparation interview applicants reference checks Total: 35 to 51 days The whole selection process from: analyse the vacant position position description lodge an advertisement short-list applicants interview preparation interview applicants reference checks Total: 14 to 21 days maximum. Personnel Involved HR department will assume major responsibility for the recruitment and selection of staff, the training of required personnel and supporting documentation. Managers will support the managers in role. Managers will assume major responsibility for the recruitment and selection of staff, the training of required personnel and supporting documentation. HR department will support the managers in role. Documentation All vacant and new positions will be advertised internally and externally for ten working days unless special exemptions apply and be advertised online and in leading national newspaper. All positions must first be advertised internally for a minimum of ten working days in the HU newsletter before being advertised externally for a period of ten working days. Training HR department will hold the training for all new employees. Manager will hold the training for all new employees. Monitoring and Evaluation HR department will monitor and evaluate each new employee about their work performance. Managers will monitor and evaluate each new employee and report it to HR department about their work performance. It can be noted from both the 2000 and 2010 Healthcare Uniteds recruitment and selection policy and procedures make no reference to all relevant legislation for the recruitment and selection processes. However 2010 policy and procedures briefly mention that Healthcare United is an equal employment opportunity (EEO) employer. 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5. 1 Conclusions It can be concluded from the analysis and review of 2000 2010 Healthcare United policies and procedures for recruitment and selection processes that 2010 policies and procedures are superior to those of 2000 in all key areas in term of efficiency and effectiveness of the recruitment and selection processes. For example, 2010 policy and procedure envisage a timeframe of maximum 3 weeks which is for efficient in selecting the best candidate when compared to the 2000 policy and procedures which specify selection processes requiring 35-51 days. Also, 2000 policy and procedure require participant of a large number of HR personnel when compare to 2010 where only the department managers are principally involved with the HR a support role only at all stages of recruitment and selection processes. 5. 2 Recommendations It is recommended that the newly develop 2010 policies and procedures for recruitment and selection should be adopted by Healthcare United for its recruitment and selection processes for future employment needs. However, the 2010 policies and procedures should include the provisions of legislative Acts, such as Anti- discrimination and the latest individual relation laws and regulations in addition to the EEO laws already included for the recruitment and selection processes.

Statistics review Essay Example For Students

Statistics review Essay In this article, the authors attempt to answer the research question of whether or not the link between an individuals organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the score they receive on their performance evaluation is affected in any way by gender. OCB is described by the authors as actions that are performed by individuals that go above and beyond what is expected of them as per the requirements that are listed on their job description. For the purpose of this study, the authors looked at five identifying factors of OCB. These factors include altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. By conducting this study, the authors hoped to find support for three hypotheses: 1. We will write a custom essay on Statistics review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men. 2.For both women and men, level of OCB ratings and performance ratings will be positively related. 3.Although women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men, they will not receive higher performance ratings than men. (Sex Roles, 3) A total of 109 RAs (resident advisors) from an East Coast University participated in this assessment, 55 women and 41 men. The authors state that RAs were used for this test because of the increased opportunity they have as a whole to practice OCB. To set up the test that would be given to the current RAs, former RAs were contacted via telephone. They were asked questions and given a pilot survey, which was reviewed and revised to become the final testing instrument. The survey contained 17 questions, which, after scoring, would create an OCB rating ranging from 17 (low OCB) to 85 (high OCB). The surveys were given to the RAs during weekly meetings, with the individual RAs rating the OCB level of their RA counterparts in the same residence hall that they worked in. The results of these surveys were added together and averaged for each RA and then compared against the score that the individuals received on the performance evaluations that were given to them by their supervisors. The authors concluded from these results that there is indeed a link between higher OCB ratings and higher performance evaluation scores, and they also stated that the performance ratings of male RAs are quite similar to those earned by the female RAs. The hypothesis that females would have higher OCB scores than males was reported as being correct, but the fact that the authors state the conventional level of significance was not achieved doesnt make a very solid argument upon which to base their reasoning. For the purpose of this study, the dependant variable was the level of OCB performed by individual RAs. The independent variables included such aspects as inadvertent gender stereotyping, the possibility of a natural tendency for females to engage in more OCB activities, and the authors perceived inflexibility of the performance review scores. The authors state that in future studies, these factors should probably be looked at more closely and given more significant weight. From the different statistics found within the article, I believe that the authors use an alpha level of approximately . 05 percent to report their results. In one place, they state that an alpha level of .025 percent wasnt achieved, but then in another they point out that the alpha level was achieved at .05 percent. I found this article to be interesting as well as mildly unsettling. The authors seem to throw a strange twist in the report by questioning the possibility of gender stereotyping within the RA community as well as outside of it. The fact that they also show that women tend to perform OCB tasks more often than men, yet dont specifically end up being rewarded for them, is not something that I would consider to be a very fair deal. If men are seen doing more than expected, then that is great, they deserve more perhaps a raise. If women are seen doing more than expected hey, wait a minute, that isnt really possible. Quite often, women do more than what is expected of them because they feel that that is what is expected of them. I really ended up enjoying reading this article, although it did tend to get a bit confusing when the authors tried to explain . Statistics review Essay Example For Students Statistics review Essay In this article, the authors attempt to answer the research question of whether or not the link between an individuals organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the score they receive on their performance evaluation is affected in any way by gender. OCB is described by the authors as actions that are performed by individuals that go above and beyond what is expected of them as per the requirements that are listed on their job description. For the purpose of this study, the authors looked at five identifying factors of OCB. These factors include altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. By conducting this study, the authors hoped to find support for three hypotheses: 1. We will write a custom essay on Statistics review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men. 2.For both women and men, level of OCB ratings and performance ratings will be positively related. 3.Although women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men, they will not receive higher performance ratings than men. (Sex Roles, 3) A total of 109 RAs (resident advisors) from an East Coast University participated in this assessment, 55 women and 41 men. The authors state that RAs were used for this test because of the increased opportunity they have as a whole to practice OCB. To set up the test that would be given to the current RAs, former RAs were contacted via telephone. They were asked questions and given a pilot survey, which was reviewed and revised to become the final testing instrument. The survey contained 17 questions, which, after scoring, would create an OCB rating ranging from 17 (low OCB) to 85 (high OCB). The surveys were given to the RAs during weekly meetings, with the individual RAs rating the OCB level of their RA counterparts in the same residence hall that they worked in. The results of these surveys were added together and averaged for each RA and then compared against the score that the individuals received on the performance evaluations that were given to them by their supervisors. The authors concluded from these results that there is indeed a link between higher OCB ratings and higher performance evaluation scores, and they also stated that the performance ratings of male RAs are quite similar to those earned by the female RAs. The hypothesis that females would have higher OCB scores than males was reported as being correct, but the fact that the authors state the conventional level of significance was not achieved doesnt make a very solid argument upon which to base their reasoning. For the purpose of this study, the dependant variable was the level of OCB performed by individual RAs. The independent variables included such aspects as inadvertent gender stereotyping, the possibility of a natural tendency for females to engage in more OCB activities, and the authors perceived inflexibility of the performance review scores. The authors state that in future studies, these factors should probably be looked at more closely and given more significant weight. From the different statistics found within the article, I believe that the authors use an alpha level of approximately . 05 percent to report their results. In one place, they state that an alpha level of .025 percent wasnt achieved, but then in another they point out that the alpha level was achieved at .05 percent. I found this article to be interesting as well as mildly unsettling. The authors seem to throw a strange twist in the report by questioning the possibility of gender stereotyping within the RA community as well as outside of it. The fact that they also show that women tend to perform OCB tasks more often than men, yet dont specifically end up being rewarded for them, is not something that I would consider to be a very fair deal. If men are seen doing more than expected, then that is great, they deserve more perhaps a raise. If women are seen doing more than expected hey, wait a minute, that isnt really possible. Quite often, women do more than what is expected of them because they feel that that is what is expected of them. I really ended up enjoying reading this article, although it did tend to get a bit confusing when the authors tried .

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now Becoming a better writer is an art form. It requires patience, research, reading voraciously, and above all- practice. In the process, a writers lexicon should be consistently curated, since words are the basis of the writing profession, and words that are vague or superfluous should be replaced with better ones or deleted.If you want to sharpen your craft, here are 30 words and phrases to remove from your writing now.Down, up (if following sat or stood)In most cases when you see these two words following sat or stood, its superfluous. She sat down in the chair could be she sat in the chair, and they stood up to sing could be they stood to sing. The point here is to keep your writing as sharp as possible.ThatIn many cases, use of that is either superfluous or incorrect. The book that is on my bookshelf could be the book on my bookshelf and retain the same meaning. The night that were going to the baseball game should rather be the night were going to the baseball game.That is also in correctly used when referring to people. For example, I have a friend that plays cello is incorrect. You dont have a friend that plays cello. You have a friend who plays cello. In the same sense, My aunt that is visiting from Florida should be my aunt who is visiting from Florida.Said, asked, replied, whispered, demanded or any other dialogue tags (after the first few sentences of dialogue)Instead of using dialogue tags, which slow the pacing of the story, reserve them for the first few sentences of dialogue then ditch them afterwards. After your reader understands the order that the characters are speaking in, theyll catch whos saying what without these distractions.You can also use actions taking place between and around dialogue to help note who is saying each line. Consider the two examples below. Which one has the better pacing?Example 1What time is the meeting tonight, asked Steve.I have no clue, said Terrance, but they sent out an email this morning.Yeah, my email inbox is sw amped with complaints, said Steve.Complaints? said Terrance.Dont ask, said Steve.Example 2Steve stopped, knowing now why he felt like he was forgetting something all morning. What time is the meeting tonight?I have no clue, but they sent out an email this morning. Terrance didnt bother to look up from his work.Yeah, my email inbox is swamped with complaints.Complaints? At least now Terrance was interested.Dont ask.Think, thought, felt, feel, realize, wonderUsing these words in your story is a great example of telling vs. showing. You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration.Or alternatively, state it. If your protagonist wonders whether the love of his life is gone for good, dont write he wondered if the love of his life is gone for good. Instead, write the question: Was the love of his life gone for good? The fact he is wondering this is implied in the narration, so t he reader sees what the character is wondering about without being told that the character is, in fact, wondering.You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration. Photo by Nathan Cowley from Pexels.WentThis is one of those lazy words that should be replaced with something more descriptive and compelling. Instead of writing, She went to church you could rather write she drove to church. Instead of writing, He went to soccer practice you could rather write he ran to soccer practice. See how that changes the image? Not only did you avoid a vague word, but you used the same word count to offer more detail for your reader.HonestlyThis word might be more often used in nonfiction or blog articles, but if youre a writer, you should immediately strike it from your vocabulary unless youre using it to describe how someone else has spoken or done something.While its mostly used to ad d emphasis, when its used for this purpose, it immediately implies that the other words youve written are not honest. Honestly, Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies is exactly like saying Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies, except there is implication that youre only now being honest. Additionally, as mentioned for that, extra words should always be removed for sharper writing unless you are going for a purposefully chatty, informal vernacular.Absolutely, totallyWhile usually intended to add emphasis, these words are the epitome of redundancy and are almost never needed. If something is important, its important. Making it absolutely important or totally important doesnt change anything. In the same sense, if something is essential, making it absolutely essential doesnt make it any more essential than it was before adding absolutely to it.Very, really, rather, quiteThese words are modifiers but should always be replaced with a better word to sharpen up your writing. For starters, they signal a young and/or inexperienced writer. If youre using them in dialogue between young people, thats another story, but if its coming from you- the narrator- find a better, more engaging replacement.For example, you could describe a really beautiful day or say it is a dazzling day. You could mention that a road trip will be very long or you could rather describe it as immense, far-reaching or lengthy. Regardless of what youre describing, you will always be able to find a more suitable replacement for very and really. If you choose the right adjective, it shouldnt need to be qualified. If youre stuck, simply pull up an online thesaurus and get unstuck quickly.Writer and humorist Mark Twain had a useful solution to removing unneeded modifiers from your writing. Substitute damn every time youre inclined to write very. Your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.Florence King, American novelist, essayist and columnist, p ut it like this: Very is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out. More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.AmazingAt one time, amazing was just fine to use. It means causing astonishment, great wonder, or surprise and is used constantly in everything from slogans to speeches to social media posts to conversations about sports or the weather. Simply put: its overused. Heres a list of less-overused words that express the same (or nearly the same) concept.FascinatingIncredibleMarvelousStunningSurprisingUnbelievableAstoundingMiraculousMind-blowingStaggeringWonderfulAlways, neverThese words create absolutes and can make your writing seem inaccurate or even closed-minded. To say that something always happens is to claim that you have an omniscient view of an incident, across locations, situations, and even time periods. Obviously, this is not the case.Women dont always nag their husbands and dogs don t always torment cats. It doesnt always rain in Seattle and children dont always say mean things to each other. In the same sense, claiming that it never rains in the desert or love never lasts makes the writer seem unprofessional, overly confident, and simply wrong. Thats why using these words in your writing should be avoided.LiterallyIf this word is used correctly, it denotes something that happens exactly as stated, in the literal sense. However, youll often see it doing the opposite, or used with a figurative expression (as in, That literally scared me to death!). If you literally thought you were dying, be sure that was the case before using the term. Or even better- dont use it at all and simply note how you thought you were dying. Rarely does the use of the term add important information and as mentioned regarding several of the words on this list, extraneous or vague words are best left unwritten.JustThis is another filler word that adds nothing to the meaning of the senten ce, unless it is used to describe an action that is based on, or person behaving according to what is morally right and fair (the literal definition of the word). Think of it as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories.Think of words like just as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories. Photo by Mali Maeder from Pexels.Stuff, thingsWeve all met that person who overuses thing when they cant remember the word for the object to which theyre referring. Stuff falls into the same category and neither should be used by writers who would be expected to have an above-average vocabulary. Be specific!IrregardlessThis is one of those words the majority will get wrong, since many who use it dont realize that its meaning is regardless. Although it is a word, it is nonstandard in that its prefix (ir-) and suffix (-less) create a double negativ e. Since its meaning is often misunderstood, combined with a double negative thats confusing, its best to avoid using it at all.

Woman in Spanish Costume by Pablo Picasso essays

Woman in Spanish Costume by Pablo Picasso essays How would painters draw portraits of their wives? May be, they draw portraits as real as their wives looks like. May be, painters draw wives facials as how those men want their wives to look like. The true answer is unknown. However, in almost every case, painters try to capture all of their ladies beauty. Unlike many of his other female-modeled portraits, which were drawn in abstracts, Woman in Spanish Costume was drawn in neo-classicism. It is mainly because Picasso wants to preserve his wife, Olga Koklova, s beauty as it was, and he does not wanted his critical and analytical view to shadow her beauty. In the process of capturing the beauty, Picasso used all of his techniques that he used in previously. Up until this portrait, Woman in Spanish Costume, Picasso was famous using drawing technique call cubism. However, after meeting and finally marrying with Olga, he gave up his cubism, and went back to classicism, especially Mediterranean Classicism. The influence of Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, the great nineteenth-century French Romantic Classicist, is evident in the precision and discipline of Picassos drawing from this period (Abrams, 46). Picasso may have given up cubism in sketch, but he has not entirely given up on cubism. Instead, he used cubism in color. He colors tiny squares (or rectangular), which cubism is employed (Abrams, 46). He only used three principle colors in this piece; blue, orange, and white. The color blue stood for his blue period of art, which represents his darkness, and orange stood for rose period. White stood for remain part which Picasso have not fulfill with the love. Without doubt, this piece is not finished. Although the lines of arms and hands are not clear and does not have full figure, it well describes facial and colored part of dress. Woman in Spanish Costume is one of few portraits by Picasso that do not have facial expression. However,...

Torture at Abu Ghraib Followed CIA's Manual Essay

Torture at Abu Ghraib Followed CIA's Manual - Essay Example The contents of the article seemed to be a disturbing masterpiece evidencing proofs of torture from a well respected intelligence organization, the Central Intelligence Agency. The author proffered issues relative to an innovative form of psychological, ‘no-touch’ torture that superceded the infliction of physical pain. Believed to be more effective in soliciting information from ‘subjects’, the discourse finally revealed its devastating and long lasting effect that erodes the stability in psychological state of mind of those subjected to this approach. McCoy was effective in his style of presenting a clear structure through initially detailing the features and methods of the psychological torture to achieve its goals. By providing illustrations through narrative depiction of the details that go through the various stages, readers are moved and made to empathize with the victim. Through the use of citations McCoy tried to objectively indicate the use of this method from the time it was codified in 1963 up to emergent and validated incidents that supported evidence of its application in contemporary times (arrest of Al Qaeda suspects, September 2001; at Bagram Air Base near Kabul, 2002).

Narrative and research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Narrative and research - Essay Example Abdullah was a bright student. Every time after stepping out of the exam hall, he used to say with a smile, â€Å"I’ll rank this time also, the paper was so good†. The teachers used to praise him so much. He was good at sports even and represented our school for the interschool competitions within the region. He used to take tuitions from the best teachers and he always outshined at every occasion. I could remember that the only thing that was not perfect in his life was the differences between his parents. Abdullah used to live beside my house and I could hear his parents fighting most of the time. A huge car used to come at the school’s gate for picking him from school and my friend used to offer me a ride every day. The way to home was a memorable journey; we used to switch on the music player and then used to talk about our teachers, friends and mocked them. We giggled throughout the way but as soon as the car used to get closer to our home, Abdullah’s smile used to disappear. He never felt comfortable about his parent’s fights which were audible from a distance. I could read the expression on his face which was nervous and ashamed at the same time. Sometimes when his parents fought, he came running to my house asking for a pencil or an eraser, and I could understand that pencil or eraser was just an excuse to stay away from the circumstance in his home. During weekends, when I and my family used to go for an outing and my father used to drive out the car from the garage I noticed Abdullah standing in his balcony and staring at us with a sad face. I felt bad for him but then I was too young to do anything to help him out. He had no sibling and he was the only child of his parents. Often Abdullah used to tell me about his worries and he used to feel upset about those fights. Then gradually Abdullah started performing poorly in the exams. He even started missing the regular classes. When asked, he often replied, â€Å"Iâ₠¬â„¢m not well†. One thing must be mentioned in this context. The parents of the new generation focus a lot on the material comfort of their child. As a result the demands of the child grow at a greater pace. Moreover working parents feel guilty that they are not spending sufficient time with their kids. Thus the parents keep expecting that their child will be satisfied if they are offered with the latest gadgets and it would compensate their absence. Thus, the emotional attachment among the new generation kids with their parents can be found to drop at an increasing rate as the kids consider their parents as someone who will meet their demands. The same thing happened with Abdullah. He never had to request his parents for anything. He had all the luxuries and comforts a person can think of except a peaceful and happy life. He rarely talked with his them. Things turned worst when his parents decided to get separated. We were just 13 then and I found Abdullah sitting at a corne r of the bench during lunch hours weeping silently. I asked him why he was upset. He said he was unable to decide with whom he should stay for the rest of his life, as he have to choose either his mother or his father, â€Å"But I love them both†, said Abdullah. For the first time I myself felt like crying seeing someone else’s tears. Then Abdullah moved to a different place with his mother and his father stayed beside my house alone. I started missing my friend a lot but time is the best

Negative effect of video games on children Essay Example for Free

Negative effect of video games on children Essay The Negtive Effects of Video Gaming on Children Children don’t have to buy an expensive gaming system to play video games anymore, than can simply log onto the internet through their home computer or their handheld devices and they have an array of videogames to choose from. Every time a child pops a role playing videogame into their gaming console or logs onto the internet to play so called interactive video games, they enter a virtual world where there are no real consequences for their actions. While playing violent video games children can choose to play the violent roles of either car thieves or killers. The more time a child spends playing video games the less time they spend engaged in normal social activities with their friends. When a child is allowed to spend hours a day playing video games, especially violent role playing games, they can cause them to become violent, socially isolated, and depressed. First person role playing games allow children to identify with their character (Harding). The more time children spend as killing machines in the false reality of the video gaming world, the more desensitized they become to death and killing in the real world. Studies have shown the more time children spend playing violent video games, the more likely they are to respond to real world situations with aggression and violence (Gordon). A 2004 study published in the Journal of Adolescence found children, particularly teens, who played violent video games are more likely to become aggressive, confrontational, and see a decline in their academic performance (Harding). Allowing children to play violent video games is not worth the risk they pose! Children are exposed to enough violence through television without the help of violent games offered to them over the internet and through popular video gaming systems. Video games do not only expose children to violence they allow them to engage in it through the violent roles they allow them to play. Many of the roles children play over the internet or through their game consoles simulate real world situations where they can steal and murder with no consequences. Parents should not need to read the results of a study for them to realize that allowing their child to play violent roles in video games, where they kill and steal, will encourage violent behavior from them in the real world. During September 2009 in Ohio a sixteen year old boy named Daniel Petric was forbidden by his father from buying the new version of the violent video game Halo that he was obsessed with. After being forbidden from buying the new version of the violent game Daniel snuck out of his house and bought it anyway. When Daniel’s father discovered he had disobeyed him, and bought the game, he took it away from him and locked it in his lockbox where he kept his gun. Later that same night, sixteen year old Daniel unlocked his father’s lockbox to retrieve his game and found his father’s gun. After finding the gun Daniel went into his parent’s bedroom and shot both his father and mother in the killing them (Gordon). No one can say with absolute certainty that the video game Halo caused the boy to shoot his parents. One thing is obvious, if the boy’s account of events are to be believed, the game played a huge factor in his descion to murder his parents that evening. Violent behavior unfortunately is not the only negative effect from children playing video games to often. A recent study by Douglas A Gentile, an associate professor of psychology at Iowa State University found that children who spend several hours a day playing video games are at risk to become addicted to them. Once a child becomes addicted to their video game, their addiction can cause them to become depressed, anxious, and have social problems including social isolation (Gilmore). If a child is spending several hours a day gaming they can very easily become depressed. When a child spends most of their day playing video games they do not engage in normal healthy physical activity with their friends. It makes sense that the more time a child spends isolated playing video games the more likely they are to become depressed. Children need to spend time interacting with their friends in order to develop normal social skills. When children isolate themselves playing videogames alone all day, they begin to lose their friends and social skills. Studies show that the depression caused from children pathologically playing video games can be easily lifted when they simply stop playing them (Frontelera). Douglas Gentile said, â€Å"We found in children who started playing pathologically anxiety and depression got worse. And, when they stopped gaming the depression lifted† (qtd. in Gilmore). The idea that allowing a child to play his or her favorite video game for a couple hours a day can lead them to social isolation may sound farfetched, unfortunately it is not. The more time a child spends playing video games the less desire they have for one on one human contact. Although, children have the ability to interact with other players including their friends through the internet, their friends become part of the game itself and there is no real contact. Children need to spend time in social environments with their peers in order to learn and maintain the social skills they need to navigate through life. When a child loses his or her social skills they quickly become isolated and depressed. Their isolation and depression can lead them to identify themselves more with the character they are playing in their videogame than their own real life. First person role playing games allow children to identify with their character. Studies have shown the more time teenagers spend playing violent videogames at home the more likely they are to respond to real world situations with aggression and violence. A child’s imagination is amazing and sometimes limitless, unfortunately it can become dangerous when they begin to imagine themselves stealing cars and murdering people while playing first person role playing Videogames allow children to become kings and queens, or car thieves and murderers. Children can become so entranced by the different roles they play in the virtual worlds created for them through videogames that the line between the real world and the virtual one depicted in the video games they are playing becomes blurred. . Violent video games rewarded children for things like stealing cars and killing people.

Civil War and The Souths Loss Essay -- American History, Historical C

Civil War and The South's Loss â€Å"In all history, no nation of mere agriculturists ever made successful war against a nation of mechanics†¦You are bound to fail.† Union officer William Tecumseh Sherman to a Southern friend. â€Å"Why did the North win the Civil War?† is only half of a question by itself, for the other half is â€Å"Why did the South lose the Civil War?† To this day historians have tried to put their finger on the exact reason for the South losing the war. Some historians blame the head of the confederacy Jefferson Davis; however others believe that it was the shear numbers of the Union (North). The advantages and disadvantages are abundant on either sides of the argument, but the most dominate arguments on why the South lost the war would be the fact that state’s rights prevented unification of the South, Jefferson Davis' poor leadership and his failure to work together with his generals, the South failed to gain the recognition of the European nations, North's superior resources made the outcome inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war. First, the South couldn’t have won the civil war because state’s rights prevented unification of the South. The very issue that created the Confederacy helped to destroy it. In waging war, the South faced problems of politics and government that greatly complicated its problem of economic mobilization. No one would deny the troublesome effect of the conflict generated by differing ideas of how best to protect liberty and to organize southern society for the war effort. Southern people insisted upon retaining their democratic liberties in wartime, which proved fatal for the South. They had to struggle with a â€Å"confederacy formed by particularistic politicians [that] could hardly be expected to adopt promptly those centralists polices which victory demanded† (Donald, p. 26). Individual state governors fought bitterly with Jefferson Davis to prevent him from consolidating power to fight the war. They withheld troops and supplies while the Confederate Congress sp ent its time arguing over the rights of the states instead of prosecuting a war of national survival. Many internal conflicts within the South were acquiring and weakening the South’s unity. Internal conflicts caused confederate officials to choose between moving troops from the coasts and strengthening their armies, or leaving the... ...iled to gain the recognition of the European nations, North's superior resources made the outcome inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war. The Civil War was a trying time for both the North and the South alike, but the question of its outcome was obvious from the start. The North was guaranteed a decisive victory over the ill-equipped South. Northerners, prepared to endure the deficit of war, were startled to find that they were experiencing an enormous industrial boom even after the first year of war. To the South, however, the war was a draining and debilitating leech, sucking the land dry of any appearance of economical formidability. The debate continues whether or not the South could have won the Civil war. It’s always going to be a bunch of â€Å"what ifs?† Works Cited Beringer, Richard. et al. Why the South Lost the Civil War. Athens: University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Georgia Press, 1986. Boritt, Gabor S. Why the Confederacy Lost. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 Donald, David. et al. Why the North Won the Civil War. London: Collier Macmillan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishers, 1960. Gallagher, Gary. The Confederate War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

How much sympathy does the reader feel

Curlers wife is a character in the novel â€Å"Of mice and men† set in California and written in 1937 by John Steinbeck. She is the only woman on a ranch of itinerant working men, and because of this she gets treated by each man in a different manner. Most of the men treat her in a negative way, therefore causing different degrees of sympathy from the reader. Sympathy implies that the reader feels an emotional connection towards the character. Her unhappy marriage to the boss's son causes her great loneliness and unhappiness as she tries, in vain, to find someone to talk to on the ranch.The reader may feel certain degrees of sympathy for Curleys wife due to the fact that the ranch workers are always talking behind her back. This is shown when Candy is talking about her to George and Lennie in the bunkhouse when they arrive. He states that he thinks â€Å"Curleys married†¦ a tart†. This quotation could cause very strong feelings against Curlers wife, as she seems to have a reputation amongst the men for being flirtatious. The noun â€Å"tart† might infer that Curleys wife is a promiscuous character who flirts with all of the ranch workers.It could also imply that she is lways tarted up' and making an effort to look attractive in front of the men. Candy's opinion seems harsh, which could portray the ranch worker's extremely negative feelings towards Curlers wife, as they assume she is a flirtatious attention seeker. However, the reader may feel sympathetic towards Curlers wife because she is labelled as a â€Å"tart† and so the ranch workers don't look past her appearance to get to know her personality.In this quotation, Candy pauses before completing the phrase, which could suggest that he is apprehensive towards voicing his opinion about Curleys wife. This would be understandable, as most of the ranch workers seem intimidated by Curley and insulting his wife may result in a fght or losing their Job. Some might think that this qu otation reveals that Curlers wife is incredibly lonely, as the ranch workers are prejudiced against her from the minute they get to the ranch, so this implies that it must be hard for her to make friends.She is the only woman on the ranch and seems to have trouble fitting in. She may be seen as very glamorous and sne could like to get dressed up tor tun, as it would make ner teel like a movie star, which is her dream. Overall, I think this quotation causes a high level of sympathy from the reader towards Curleys wife, because the ranch workers Judge her and don't try to get to know her personality. The Judgement as to whether Curlers wife is malicious or kind lies with the reader's perception of her character's description and actions in the novella.When Curlers wife first appears in the novel in the bunkhouse scene, the reader is presented with an in-depth description of her appearance with multiple references to the colour red. This is expressed through quotations like â€Å"she had full rouged lips† and â€Å"her fingernails were painted red†. These declarative phrases could imply that she is an evil temptress who is not to be trusted and attracts lots of attention, which could be either wanted or unwanted on her part. Contrary to this, the colour â€Å"red† is a passionate, loving colour which could present her as a kind, affectionate character.The adjective â€Å"red† is however sometimes associated with the devil and malice, which links to the bible, as evil was introduced into the world when Eve was tempted by the snake, so by dressing in red Curleys wife could be presenting herself as a temptation to the male ranch workers throughout the novella. Also, Curleys wife has some aspects of her personality that imply softness, for example â€Å"little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†. These â€Å"feathers† are a significant part of Curleys wife's appearance, because the reader knows of Lennie's fascination and admir ation of soft objects.This feature of her appearance could portray a more attractive personality because the â€Å"ostrich feathers† create a gentle, toned-down persona for her character, which may cause a higher level of sympathy from the reader because the ranch workers treat her as if she is repulsive and manipulative, which could be a prejudice based on her appearance. Towards the end of her initial introduction, Curleys wife addresses George â€Å"playfully, with could portray her as an intentionally promiscuous character. She is known around the ranch for teasing the male ranch workers and being apparently disloyal to Curley.The adjective â€Å"playfully' could cause the reader to feel unsympathetic towards Curleys wife, because she may give the men false hope by flirting and acting in a promiscuous way when she is around them. On the other hand, Curleys wife flirting could be interpreted as unintentional, harmless conversations and friendships between her and the ran chworkers. This would be understandable ecause as she mentions later in the novella in Crooks' room, she gets â€Å"awful lonely on the ranch. Curleys wife is seen by everyone on the ranch as a sexual object, due to her makeup and clothes.Whenever she tries to interact with any of the workers, they assume she is flirting and spread rumours about her, however she may Just be a lonely woman on a ranch full of men. Curley regards her as an item that he possesses ownership over, and so he is always looking for her to make sure she isn't with any of the other men. This shows that Curley doesn't trust his wife, and so their relationship and marriage isn't a happy one. In chapter tour, the ranch workers go out to a brothel in the local town, leaving Lennie, Crooks, Candy and Curlers wife at the ranch.In Crooks' room, where the men are talking, Curleys wife comes in and states that â€Å"They left all the weak ones here†, which shows the hierarchy of the ranch and highlights the fac t that nobody wants to be with the â€Å"weak ones† at the bottom of the hierarchy. The reader may feel highly unsympathetic towards Curlers wife because she says cruel, cutting things when she can. She says that â€Å"they left all the weak ones here†, but it isn't clear whether she is including herself in that group or not. If she meant to include herself, the reader may feel sympathetic towards her because she feels that she is a weak person at the bottom of the hierarchy.This reflects the way she is treated by the male population on the ranch because she is constantly put down and distrusted when she Just wants to make friends. On the other hand, if she was leaving herself out of â€Å"the weak ones† group, this may cause the reader to feel unsympathetic towards her because she is offending Candy, Crooks and Lennie, when they haven't purposely done anything to offend or anger her. This quotation could also cause the reader to feel unsympathetic owards Curley s wife because she has two different personalities.When she is around Curley and other people who are higher in the hierarchy, she lets them disrespect her and treat her in a negative manner, however when she is around people who are lower in the hierarchy than her, she brings out a side to her that is evil and cutting, and so would make the reader feel unsympathetic towards her. However, this may make the reader feel sympathetic towards her because she never gets the chance to look down on anyone, she is always treated like she is the lowest of the low, therefore she makes the most of being higher while she can.

APUSH Summer Assignment Essay

Many farmers were considered peasants in the 800s. SIG: Peasants would revolt and cause movements that go against the economic reasoning. The movements were usually to gain recognition for their work and other reasons. Yeomen ID: A servant who gives assistance to royal households or other great households SIG: A yeomen farmer was the ideal American which is being independent and hardworking. They were the best type of citizen to have a say in politics. Dower ID:The portion of property a widow receives from her deceased husband’s belongings. SIG: In the 18th and 19th centuries dower rights were not given much attention. In 1945, dower was abolished but some states still allowed bits of property to be given to a widow. Primogeniture ID: Being the firstborn and eldest of the children of the same parents. Also receiving the largest portion of the father’s property after the death of the father. SIG: This ensured that powerful families kept their power in their family line. Pagans ID: a follower of a polytheistic religion or an irreligious person. SIG: This is significant because many American pagan religions contain different traditions that are similar to to others. Also traditions have been passed down for thousands of years. Heresy ID: When one has a belief that is mutually opposed to a church or religious system. SIG: This separated church and states. A result from this was the unappreciative countries towards the American Church’s optimism. Civic Humanism ID: The idea that one should participate actively in serving its leader or state in the 15th century. SIG: The language of civic humanism was a tool to the leaders who Republics ID: a body of people viewed as a commonwealth or a state where the head of government is not a monarch. SIG: The government of the United States is based partly on Rome’s model of a republic and the U. S has been authorized by the United States Corporation created in 1871. The forming of a republic from Rome’s model is a significant part of US history. Guilds ID: An association of people who have some power and are reaching a common goal. SIG: These were important for trading and small societies that could have grew to be important in history. Reconquista ID:The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain from the 1100s to 1492. SIG: It is important to study because the Christian people fought until they expelled their enemies. The Reconquista became an ethnic need. Conquistadors ID: A Spanish conqueror of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. SIG: They were mercenaries who were responsible for the near extinction of native people in present day US, Mexico, and Central America. Encomiendas ID: A system created in 1503 which guaranteed Spanish soldiers land with Indians. SIG: This led to forced labor which led to enslavement which was used in the US for years. Columbian Exchange ID: This was an exchange between the new and old world of culture, plants, animals, and diseases. This changed the way Europeans and Native Americans lived. SIG: This affected both sides of the world culturally and socially. Mestizos ID: a person of mixed ancestry from Latin America SIG:Mestizos were born to give power to the Spaniards and maintain their power. This affected races by not being biological instead history. Caste System ID: a Hindu system of social classes based on castes SIG: it was important because it divided labor in societies Indulgences ID: a pardon from punishments that would have happened due to sins SIG: Indulgences emerged in the 1 lth century when the idea of purgatory spread. Reformers complained about the selling of indulgences. Predestination ID:the idea that God has determined who will be saved and who will not SIG: People hought the idea came so the conquistadors can be forgiven for what they did to the natives. Mercantilism ID: A system that worked to unify a nation by strict regulations of national economy. SIG: European countries had knowledge with building empires and engaging in the system of mercantilism. The colonies in the United States grew and the English knew they could increase trade and benefit from it. Price Revolution ID: The 16th century era of sustained inflation SIG: This led to the price of food to rise and fall. The prices were changing often due and gold from the New World that was brought to Europe. Part Two: Chapter 1 Questions . The four main characteristics of the Indian civilizations in Mesoamerica where art, religion, society and economy. These characteristics were equal to those of Europe and the Mediterranean. Mesoamericans portrayed art through dance, pottery, and music. All of the Mesoamerican religions were polytheistic and the gods had to be given offerings. Mesoamericans did not have unity, so they were divided in a social hierarchy. The economy relied on agriculture because of the scarce amount of large animals. . The eastern woodland Indian societies were organized and governed by self-governing tribes composed of clans. In their culture, the elders would encourage local chief, who aided clan elders conducted ceremonies and regulated personal life. Gender played a role when it came to farming because it was the province of both sexes, but among eastern Woodland Indians it was the work of women. These societies were matrilineal, which is the inheritance one receives from the female line of ancestors. Farmers focused on religious ceremonies related to the agricultural cycle

Leadership and Management Essay The WritePass Journal

Leadership and Management Essay INTROUCTION Leadership and Management Essay INTROUCTION  LeadershipMANAGEMENT Difference between Leadership and ManagementLeadership vs. ManagementLEADERSHIP THEORIESAssumptions of Management theoriesORGANISATIONAL SETTINGCommunicationMotivationSelf-confidencePeer feedback  CONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated INTROUCTION In this assignment I am going to define leadership and management, and then I will discuss some of the leadership theories i.e Contingency Theory, Path-goal Theory, Great man theory, Management theories, Transformational theory /leader. After that I did an organisational setting in which I discussing the leadership style of Steve jobs in Apple. Then I am going to discuss my strengths and weaknesses on the basis of my peer feedback. At last I write conclusion and recommendation.   Leadership Leadership have different definitions given by different authors and practitioners, but generally it is relationship in which the behaviour or actions of people are influenced by one person. ‘’Leadership is the process of influencing a group within an organisation towards achieving an aim or goal’’ (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 20011:471). According to Yukl leadership is:- ‘’The process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it And the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.’’ (Yukl, 2010:26)   Individuals and organisations performance is influenced by the leadership because it is a two-way process. To enable their followers to function effectively leader motivate their followers and design organisational contexts. If the group is influenced or motivated by the leader and give their full effort to reach the desired goal then the performance of the company automatically improved. MANAGEMENT As Mullins said Management is ‘’Getting work done through the efforts of other people.’’ (Mullins, 2010:434) Manager is the person who performs the function of management by using the available resources efficiently and effectively to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Difference between Leadership and Management Leadership vs. Management Managers do things right; leaders do the right things. Relationship of Managing is an authority; leading relationship is influensive. Stability is created by management; change comes because of leading. LEADERSHIP THEORIES Contingency Theory of leadership is related to the business environment that determines which leadership style is best for the different situation. According to this theory there is no single style of leadership is appropriate for all situations.    Path-goal Theoryis the third contingency model of leadership focuses on the leader to motivate subordinate. It suggests that the leader should remove hurdles, clarify the paths and increasing the reward for the followers to reach the goals by using any of the four leadership behaviour i.e. Directive leadership, Supportive leadership, Participative leadership and Achievement-oriented leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (House and Dessler, 2010:387-388) Great man theory    suggests that leadership capability is inherent and the great leaders are born not made. According to this theory you are either a natural born leader or you are not. Management theories      are also known as transactional theories. This leadership theory is based on system of reward and punishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assumptions of Management theories If the people get command from one superior or the chain of command is definite, then they perform their best. Management use reward and punishment to motivate workers. Followers must obey the instructions and commands of the leader. Transformational theory /leader    efficiently and effectively motivate its team by using chain of command to get the job done. Transformational leader imagines the big picture of the organisation and come with a new idea that moves an organisation to reach that level. Broad framework of leadership style    is the managerial leadership towards subordinate staff and the focus of power within the three headings- Autocratic style- In this style management has the focus of power to take any decision. Democratic style- In this style the focus of power is more in a group. The leadership should share its function with group. Laissez-faire (genuine) style- In this style the group members have freedom to do whatever they want because manager knows that members of group are doing right thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Mullins, L.J. 2010:381) ORGANISATIONAL SETTING I read a case study of an Apple founded by Steve Jobs in1976. After reading the case study I found that Steve jobs is a transformational leader because he always comes with a new idea and effectively motivates his subordinates to reach his plan or goal. He believes in change that’s why he always found an opportunity in consumers taste and want. Apple is founded in 1976 and comes with Apple I a personal computer kit. He introduces Apple II in 1977 with colour graphics and floppy disk. Then apple launched Macintosh in 1984 it is the key step in the development of today’s pc. In 1996 apple bought NeXT. In 2001 he launched iPod music player for music lovers. By this he set of a new strategic option in music and entertainment. Then he came with the iPhone in 2007 and the MacBook Because of all these innovation I found that Steve jobs continuously transforming there products and making a new plan for the customers. PEER   FEEDBACK Communication Communication is the process of exchange and flow of information from one person to another. Effective communication is a two way communication, in which the receiver gets the exact information that the sender transmitted. Communication is the very essential factor of leader because without good communication skill leader can’t convey his suggestions and decisions to the followers or he can’t lead them. Communication is of two types verbal and nonverbal. According to Mehrabian ‘’in face to face communication other people understands us only 7% by words we use, 38% from our voice and remaining 55% from body language and facial expressions.’’ (Mullins, L.J. 2010:230) Peer feedback In my group work my group mate and I discussed about the communication skills and the importance of communication in leadership. After that discussion we gave feedback to each other, in which I got average comment. According to my group members I have an ability to express the thing but I can’t elaborate clearly because I speak in a slow voice and the listener can’t get me clearly. Motivation Motivation is the process of stimulating someone to use his willingness for fulfilling the desired goal. A leader motivates their followers by praising them or by giving them reward like bonus, incentive, promotion etc. In Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs Theory he defines five needs of the people. He arranged these needs in a hierarchy order i.e. physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, self- actualisation needs. (Mullins, L.J. 2010:261)    A good leader is a good motivator he always inspires the individual by different theories of motivation. Peer feedback During group discussion my group members gave me the positive feedback because they knew that in our finance assignment I helped one of my group member who find some problem in relating the ratios of the company with the economic factors, as I have a commerce background I helped him by giving theory and the proper link. Self-confidence Leadership grows from self-confidence, it is the fundamental basis of leadership. Leadership is about having confidence to make decisions. The group members or the followers can step forward towards the desired goal only when the leader is confident. So the leaders confidence is directly proportionate to the followers. It acts like a bridge between person and its goal. Peer feedback My group mate thinks that I am mediocre in self-confidence because when I am giving my strategy presentation I am not using my body language confidently and I am hesitating to give presentation. I’ll take that comment as a gift and try to increase my level of confidence. Delegation Delegation is the capabilities or knowledge of the person and issuing them a task, it also includes three concepts i.e. authority, responsibility and accountability. Delegation enables a leader to develop the performance of the followers to reach the desired target by making the best use of time. Peer feedback In my group activity I gave suggestions to my group and they observe it. When I get the chance I gave my suggestions to delicate the work. They found my suggestion an average because some time I didn’t find the strength of few team members in different tasks. So in some cases I am not able to assign a task to the right person.    CONCLUSION A leader is a person who influences other people to accomplish the desired goal, leader accept challenges takes risk to remove hurdles for his subordinates, he had a different styles for different situations. A leader is a role model for the organisation. With the help of the feedback given by my group members I know what are my strengths and weaknesses, because of them I know what are the obstacles for me to be a good leader. REFERENCES (Yukl, G. (2010:26), Leadership in Organizations: Global Edition, 7th Edition, Pearson Higher Education) Mullins, L.J. (2010), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 9th Edition, Pearson Higher Education Mullins, L.J. (2010), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 9th Edition, Pearson Higher Education http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm, (22 may 2011 )

Sycamore - Not Just a Planetree

Sycamore - Not Just a Planetree The sycamore tree (​Platanus occidentalis) is readily identifiable with broad, maplelike leaves and a trunk and limb complexion of mixed green, tan and cream. Some suggest it looks like camouflage. It is a member of one of the planets oldest clan of trees (Platanaceae) and paleobotanists have dated the family to be over 100 million years old. Living sycamore trees can reach ages of five hundred to six hundred years. The American sycamore or western planetree is North Americas largest native broadleaf tree and is often planted in yards and parks. Its hybridized cousin, the London planetree, adapts very well to urban living. The improved sycamore is New York Citys tallest street tree and is the most common tree in Brooklyn, New York. Champion The record American sycamore, according to The Urban Tree Book and the Big Tree Register, is 129 feet tall. This Jeromesville, Ohio tree has a limb spread that spans 105 feet and the trunk measures 49 feet in circumference. Threats Unfortunately, sycamore is susceptible to anthracnose fungus which makes leaves turn brown and contorts stem growth. Witches brooms or leafless sprout clusters form and grow along the limbs. Most urban plantings are of the hybrid London planetree because of its resistance to anthracnose. Habitat and Lifestyle The deciduous sycamore is fast growing and sun-loving, growing seventy feet in seventeen years on a good site. Very often it divides into two or more trunks near the ground and its massive branches form a wide-spreading, irregular crown. Mature trees usually develop hollow portions and areas of decay making them vulnerable to wind and ice. The outer bark peels away to create a mottled patchwork of tans, whites, grays, greens and sometimes yellows. The inner bark is usually smooth. The leaves are very large with 3 to 5 leaf lobes and are often 7 to 8 inches long and wide. Stalked unisexual flowers of both sexes appear on the same tree when leaves emerge. Fruits dangle from long stems and are aggregates of feathery seed nutlets (achenes). The tree is a very aggressive stump sprouter. Lore The tree was probably named by early colonists who noted a resemblance to the English sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). The sycamore tree of the Bible is actually the sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus).The tree is not very good for construction but is highly prized as butcher blocks.A hybrid developed from the American sycamore, called the London planetree, has become the urban tree of choice in North America and Europe.Sycamore seeds accompanied the lunar orbit of Apollo 14 in 1971 and were planted across from Philadelphias Independence Hall.

Gattaca Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gattaca - Essay Example Supported later in the late 19 th century it became a serious scientific study then failing as a science in WWII when Nazis used eugenics to support the extermination of entire races, arising then severe ethical questions regarding "the survival of the fittest." (eugenics,2007) But because the quest for perfection has always been latent in human beings and organizations, in late June 2000, the press announced that a joined project between the public and private sectors had completed the map of human genome. When the two team leaders for both sectors where interviewed about the future of human engineering and specifically about "Designer babies" by paying customers, they both laughed in unison and responded; "Mostly what people want is offspring who are good looking smart, talented in one way or another and easy to get along with. The day when such complexities could be managed is not just a long way off, it will probably never arrive for a simple reason; Genes are not alone in determ ining such characteristics; the same genes in a different environment will yield a different personality."

Discussion 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion 1 - Essay Example The source of the issue is then used as a means to determine the possible solutions. This may include a wide range of techniques like job or task analysis (Castagnolo, 2007). Here the output from this phase generally provides the instructional goals and these are used as a start for the design phase. b) Design: This stage is based of the analysis stage and here this stage involves the development of the plans to reach the instructional goals. This stage involves a number of activities like the selection of delivery systems, learning analysis, population description and also listing out of the objectives. c) Develop: The third phase of the model is the development stage. Here the focus is on development of the instructions and also use of various media and documentation to help develop the plans. This stage involves activities like generation of the lesson plans and also lesson materials. d) Implement: This stage as the name suggests is the actual delivery of the instructions. Several activities can be involved here including different mediums of instructions like classroom learning, lab based or computer based learning. e) Evaluation: Finally the last stage of the model is the evaluation stage. Here this occurs among all the phases and even between phases. This stage can be divided into two main phases. Formative Evaluation and Summative Evaluation. The first form is done during the ongoing and between phases, while the summative evaluation occurs during the finals element of the implementation. The activities that are included here are the decision making processes like whether or not the instructional package should be bought, if it should be continued or discontinued. The most essential stage among the above mentioned stages is the analysis and the evaluation stages. The analysis stage is the most essential as it brings out the overall scope and goals and also brings out the changes needed. Any

Mexico economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Mexico economy - Essay Example 59). The key issues to be watched out for the next year by the Mexican economists are all factors that inhibit the country’s economic growth, as well as its competitiveness in the foreign markets. For example, the country’s economic systems should watch all the constraints of employment, demand, multinational controls constraints as well as monitoring the emerging market economies. In addition, income distribution and consumption patterns of the Mexican economy should be closely be watched to determine the county’s economic position and trends in the upcoming years (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 68). The Mexican economy would unfold with structural reforms that would see the country’s economy pave new ways for investments. However, with the current trends, the Mexican economic accounts is expected to cite a weaker global expansion and further risk reduced competitiveness in a more volatile international markets for Mexican accounts to cope with the emerging market economies (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 52). The United States policy makers in relation to the Mexican unprecedented macroeconomic stability outcome would not want a deteriorating economic performance of the Mexican’ economic as it would directly affect its economy as the two country’s shares common economy patterns. Therefore, the United States policymakers would respond by steering up the Mexican’ economy accounts performance (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 84). The most important information needed in planning for a better future economic development is worth understanding the key players’ political and economic information. Political information for the key players specifically the system of government, recent development, foreign ;policy and bilateral relations information are needed creating the key players competitiveness and future development

Culture Clashes in Multi-Cultures Essay Example for Free

Culture Clashes in Multi-Cultures Essay In 21st century the most visible fact about society is that they comprise too many types of culture in it together. This is due to the cultural and physical wars which have existed for million years between big communities and also every single little one included in them. This multi-cultural structures societies are usually the return of the colonialism. Big and strong communities having the little and weak ones as colonies enforce them to live with each other who have different types of cultures and traditions. On the other hand multi-cultured societies also are consisting of different types of people who chose to live in the same area because of being suitable for life, having many chances for jobs and prosperious consumption and manifacturing. Sometimes this groups of people adapt to the situation but sometimes they create contrariness and clashes. Kofi Annan, who is the Former Secretary-General of the United Nations uttered that in closly interconnected peoples the inter-cultural dialogue and respect for diversity form the principals of them. His point of view explains that if people strive to understand each other, listen each other and dont refuse before hearing their beliefs, traditions and protocols, respect others thoughts and accept that everyone can have different characteristics and beliefs make closly interconnected groups more comfortable and peaceful. If people dont obey and accept this respectance then it is definite that clashes will occur in the society. Because human nature is prone to be conqueror in all of the conflicts and struggles. Because we love to win, be justified and prepondarent. When everyone thinks that they are right then a clash occurs because people tend to close their ears to hear all of the other different point of views and thoughts. Because of misunderstandings and disagreement between the cu ltures a terrific drama is observed. The political scientist Samuel Huntington thinks that peoples cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post Cold-war world. This shows even the science took culture clashes as a notion and this highlights the severity of it, and what it can bring. In my opinion these clashes are caused by the narrow-minded people. In the past, way before the french and industrial revolution it is so hard to see people who think logically and open-minded. After the efficient developments people changed and improved art, philosophy, psychology and science. Unfortunately these improvements couldnt and still cant affect some group of people especially the uneducated population. Because of this group having limited point of view they reject the diversity of people and cultures. And results can be both national and universal. After the struggles between the groups in the same society rebellion can be occur and convulse the governments discipline. And also because of the idea that wants everyone same as themselves creates the ambition of enforcing others to be like them sometimes by wars and sometimes by financial strength. In my opinion the best way to resolve culture clashes is to educate public more and instruct them to be open-minded and respected toward new ideas, beliefs.

A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology Essay examples --

A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology The world of work in agriculture is in a process of rapid change. While "change" is by no means alien to agriculture, something new has entered the arena which promises and/or threatens to fundamentally alter agricultural practices across the globe. Biotechnology has already begun to be implemented resulting in what may be important shifts in not only agricultural production, but indeed changes in the very makeup of agricultural products themselves. This promises to pose serious challenges and/or opportunities to farmers across the globe. However, this may of course depend where it is particular farmers stand in relation to the power and socio-economic relations surrounding biotechnology. Indeed, this new and rapidly expanding1 field of technology is by no means some "invisible hand" or politically neutral" futuristic vision" (such as that presented at Disney's EPCOT Center) that will shape the way we produce and consume food. Those who will control the manner in which biotechnology is applied to agriculture will, and indeed are, acutely shaping the social relations that are structured around it. Biotechnology and its accompanying industries, such as genetic engineering, have become the "buzz words" of the day much in the same way nuclear energy was discussed in the early days of nuclear power. It is held up, for example, as holding the promise of solving the world's food shortages. According to major corporations involved in biotechnology, such as Monsanto2 , genetic engineering heralds the wave of the future. They argue that this technology will not only be able to provide for the world's food sources, but will likewise help preserve the environment. Farming of th... ...en a dramatic turn. At the end of last year, Mr Shapiro announced that the company,...would spin off the core of the firm, a chemicals business with sales of around $3 billion in sales-half from agricultural products,....However, Mr Shapiro has made it clear where he wants Monsanto to go. The firm, he believes, should be the main provider of the "agricultural biotechnology " the world will need if it is to feed itself in the future without despoiling the environment." (ibid.) from many of the webpages which are linked to this page. Below are listed the prinicipal web-pages: (www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/endanger.html), (www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/safebiot.html), (www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/overseas.html), (www.ces.ncsu.edu/san/htdocs/docs/other.html), (www.soybean.com), (www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/concept.htm), (www.caff.org), (www.oilseeds.org), (www.fsu.usda.gov/pas/default.asp)

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Entries and relative size According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years to type the 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically. [4] As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry headwords, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives; 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 word-forms in total, including 137,000 pronunciations; 249,300 etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage quotations. The dictionary's latest, complete print edition (Second Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007. [5] Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world's largest nor earliest dictionary. The Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete. The earliest large dictionary is the Grimm brothers' dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The first edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the first great dictionary devoted to a modern European language (Italian), was published in 1612; the first edition of Dictionnaire de l'Academie francaise dates from 1694. The first edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the Diccionario de la lengua espanola (produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Espanola) was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716. The OED's official policy is to attempt to record a word's most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 â€Å"Preface†: The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not only the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang. It continues: Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the end of the Old English era] †¦ Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency. The OED is the focus of much scholarly work about English words. Its headword variant spellings order list influences written English in English-speaking countries. [citation needed] [edit] History [edit] Origins At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London;[6] it originally was a Philological Society project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an â€Å"Unregistered Words Committee† to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench's report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries: Incomplete coverage of obsolete words Inconsistent coverage of families of related words Incorrect dates for earliest use of words History of obsolete senses of words often omitted Inadequate distinction among synonyms Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content. The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary. [7] Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title â€Å"A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles† (NED). [edit] Early editors Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project's first months, but his ecclesiastical career meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time required, easily ten years[citation needed]; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor. Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910On 12 May 1860, Coleridge's dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis. Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. [8] Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced. Recruited assistants handled two tons of quotation slips and other materials. Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English Text Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years. [citation needed] In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year. [9] The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete. Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about â€Å"what to read and select† and â€Å"what to discard. â€Å"[cite this quote][clarification needed] Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W. C. Minor was a criminal lunatic. [10] Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U. S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchester's The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary[11] (U. S. title – elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors' requests. edit] Oxford editors James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury RoadDuring the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years' negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years. Murray started the project, working in a corrugated iron outbuilding, the â€Å"Scriptorium†, which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall's collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse. citation needed] Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report â€Å"as many quotations as you can for ordinary words† and for words that were â€Å"rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way. â€Å"[cite this quote] Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis March manage the collectio n in North America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000. The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s. 6d or U. S. $3. 25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies. [citation needed] The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he move from Mill Hill to Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property. The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English DictionaryMurray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. citation needed] That turned out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speedy production—to the point where the project's collapse seemed like ly. Newspapers[specify] reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors. Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range [12]; he parodied the principal editors as â€Å"The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford† in the story Farmer Giles of Ham. Julian Barnes also was an employee; he was said[who? ] to dislike the work. [edit] Fascicles By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per year: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 4 pages, priced at 2s. 6d. or $1 U. S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles. Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately. The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the most-quoted single work is Cursor Mundi. edit] Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933. [edit] Second Supplement and Second Edition In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated. There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement. Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement; Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. [citation needed] It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement. By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching — as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors. Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXXAnd so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking up the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software were also needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. [13] The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying â€Å"I've never been associated with a project, I've never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline. â€Å"[14] By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield's supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word â€Å"new† was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition retronymically became the OED1. The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B. B. C. , Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave. Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated. The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982. When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author Anthony Burgess declared it â€Å"the greatest publishing event of the century,† as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 March 1989). [cite this quote] TIME dubbed the book â€Å"a scholarly Everest,†[14] and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it â€Å"one of the wonders of the world. â€Å"[cite this quote] New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles. [edit] Compact editions In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up (â€Å"4-up†) format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the second volume's end. The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up (â€Å"9-up†) format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a agnifying glass as before and A User's Guide to the â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary†, by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition. [edit] Electronic versions A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software. Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition w as made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product. [citation needed] Version 3. 0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version. Version 3. 1. 1 (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs. [15][16] Version 4. 0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10. 4 or later). [17][18] This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive. On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. [19] The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED. [20] As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is ? 95 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization's computers. [citation needed] Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in Engla nd, Wales, and New Zealand;[21][22][23] any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home. Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29. 95 a month to access the online site. [edit] Third Edition The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million. The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. The estimated date of completion is 2037. [24][25] New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition. As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A. Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by March 2010, the revised section had reached Rg. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating â€Å"key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them. † The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named â€Å"Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application†, or â€Å"Pasadena. With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts. [26] Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public. Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED’s small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations; the department currently receives about 200,000 a year. [edit] Spelling Main article: Oxford spelling The OED lists British headword spellings (e. g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc. ). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e. . realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix - , (-izo), or the Latin -izare; however, -ze is also an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in A merican English. [27] See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences. The sentence â€Å"The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization† is an example of OUP practice. This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and many British academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times Literary Supplement. [edit] Criticisms Despite its claim of authority[citation needed] on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from various angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence. In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because â€Å"one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution†, one that â€Å"has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle†. [28] Harris also criticises what he sees as the â€Å"black-and-white lexicography† of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance upon printed language over spoken—and then only privileged forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected â€Å"literary† authors such as Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less â€Å"respectable†, sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used. [28] In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith. org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a â€Å"lex icon. † [29] [edit] See also Canadian Oxford Dictionary Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English Concise Oxford English Dictionary New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary Oxford Dictionary of English Shorter Oxford English Dictionary [edit] Notes ^ OED2 from Amazon. com ^ Oxford University Press ^ OED is through Rg from the official OED website ^ OED Facts ^ http://www. oed. com/news/updates/revisions0712. html ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 103–104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ OED Contributors: Tolkien ^ LEXX – A pro grammable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F. , IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151 ^ a b Paul Gray, â€Å"A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger,† Time, 27 March 1989. R. J. Holmgren, â€Å"v3. x under Mac OS X and Linux†, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Bernie† from ELearnAid. com, â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary News†, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4. 0 (Windows & Mac)†. http://www. amazon. com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/. ^ â€Å"Mac Compatibility†. http://www. oup. co. uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4. ^ Juliet New (22 March 2000). â€Å"‘The world's greatest dictionary' goes online†. Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http://www. ariadne. ac. k/issue23/oed-online/. Retrieved 18 March 2007. , ^ â€Å"Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API†. htt p://blog. webometrics. org. uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english. html. ^ â€Å"Oxford Online in English Public Libraries†. http://www. oup. com/online/englishpubliclibraries/. ^ â€Å"New Zealand procurement†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/Procurement. html. ^ â€Å"OED on-line New Zealand†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/oup. html#oed. ^ Stephanie Willen Brown, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007. ^ Simon Winchester. History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007. ^ Liz Thompson (December 2005). â€Å"Pasadena: A Brand New System for the OED† (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press): p. 4. http://oed. com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12. pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2007. ^ http://www. askoxford. com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize? view=get ^ a b Harris 1982, p. 935. ^ Globe & Mail [edit] References Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 50:1 (1996): 108–109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. [1] Harris, Roy (3 September 1982). â€Å"The History Men†. Times Literary Supplement: 935–936. Gleick, James (5 November 2006). â€Å"Cyber-Neologoliferation†. The New York Times Magazine. [edit] Further reading Caught in the Web of Words: J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977; new edition 2001, Yale University Press, trade paperback, ISBN 0-300-08919-8. Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary, by John Willinsky, Princeton University Press, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03719-1. The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-860702-4. (UK title) The Surgeon of Crowthorne / (US title) The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester; see The Surgeon of Crowthorne for full details of the various editions. Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10699-8. The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, ISBN 0-224-04010-3. edit] External links The Oxford English Dictionary's official website Archive of documents (as page images), including Trench's original â€Å"Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries† paper Murray's original appeal for readers Their page of OED statistics, and another such page. Two sample pagesPDF (1. 54 MiB) from the OED. Examining the OED: Charlotte Brewer's analysis of the principles a nd practices used by OED editors Bibliography of â€Å"[c]ritical assessments of OED or accounts of its history†, from Examining the OED The OED Meets Cyberspace: James Gleick's 2006 article.